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For the past several years, hospital CEOs have been talking a big game about accountable care—the latest health care model, which pays doctors and hospitals for quality, rather than the volume of services they provide. ACOs make providers jointly accountable for the health of their patients, giving them financial incentives to cooperate and to save money by avoiding unnecessary tests and procedures.

But investing in risk-sharing doesn’t mean health systems are giving up on the fee-for-service system, which rewards providers for every test and treatment whether or not it improves the health of a patient.

Just last week, the District of Columbia from MedStar Health and Johns Hopkins Medicine to build , a new-fangled radiation treatment for cancer that has not been proven to work better than standard radiation for the vast majority of cancers, but costs twice as much. Both health systems are also pursuing risk-sharing—MedStar is involved in , and Hopkins has of how shared savings can work in an academic medical center.

“It doesn’t surprise me at all,” says Chas Roades, chief research officer at the Advisory Board Company in Washington, D.C., which is also helping to launch the MedStar insurance product. “For every CEO who’s considering a risk-based strategy like an ACO or bundled payments, the dilemma they have is that they have to live in two worlds at once.”  A small part of their business might be invested in population health and minimizing utilization of services, Roades explains, but they’re still dependent on the revenues from their fee-for-service contracts.

“The ACO business isn’t big enough to throw their fee-for-service revenue out the window,” he adds, especially since that may help finance the investments needed to make shared risk successful, such as hiring primary care doctors and buying new health IT services.

And it’s not just proton therapy, says Roades. ACOs are also continuing to invest in free standing emergency rooms, other new radiology equipment and surgeries that use expensive implantable devices. Those services are often crucial to attract the best physicians, who want to use the most advanced technology. Consumers also use technology as a proxy for quality, choosing to have procedures done in hospitals that advertise the shiniest new machines.

“It makes me wonder if people are taking this ACO thing seriously are not. Maybe they think it’s not really going to stick,” says Erik Johnson, a senior vice president at consulting firm Avalere Health. The trend calls into question “the idea that the ACO is the magical elixir that will drive down utilization,” he adds.

The problem is that the incentives in the Medicare ACO program simply aren’t strong enough to counter the draw of lucrative volume-driven care. “This is a very slow tectonic shift that Congress is trying to drive,” says Johnson. “These are baby steps.”

So even though capital investments like proton therapy centers “would be deadweight on their balance sheets” in a risk-based system, “they don’t see it happening for years to come, so there’s still time to milk the fee-for-service cow.”